In addition to providing novelty and interest for a metropolitan public, Cetshwayo’s visit brought the issue of restoration and of larger imperial interests firmly into the center of domestic conversations. The two years following Cetshwayo’s capture emphasized instead the royal dignity of the captive as press writers debated the very legitimacy of the British invasion, often to the white-hot fury of settler observers in the adjacent southern African colony of Natal. His son Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo, as heir to the throne, was proclaimed king on 20 May 1884, supported by (other) Boer mercenaries. The frequently prescient satirical periodical Funny Folks described the rapid shift in press coverage following Ulundi in a note just a month after the end of the war: The danger is that we shall wind up the farce by a ridiculous display of hero-worship on Cetywayo’s account. 183–198. Cetshwayo kaMpande. London: W. Stewart and Company, 1881. Mpande died in 1872. The Saturday Review gently mocked these earnest but empty interviews in their assessment of Cetshwayo’s visit, highlighting his description of Prime Minister William Gladstone as “a grand, kind gentleman” and his astute avoidance of representatives of the temperance movement, who sought to obtain a recorded statement that Cetshwayo was firmly against the idea of indigenous drinking (“Cetewayo at the Stake”). Cetshwayo kaMpande (Babanango, ca. Indeed, the difficulties of polygamy in a state visit from a Zulu leader would still be a apparent over a century later when South African President Jacob Zuma arrived in London with his most recent bride—to the considerable consternation of the British press. Cetshwayo also received a caricature in the August 1882 issue of Vanity Fair and, like many important contemporaries, had a portrait taken by Alexander Bassano (Figs. From 1881, his cause had been taken up by, among others, Lady Florence Dixie, correspondent of the London Morning Post, who wrote articles and books in his support. The chaotic fighting of the post-Cetshwayo period provided the pretext for the imperial government to formally acquire Zululand as a British colony in 1887. “Meeting the Zulus: Displayed Peoples, British Imperialism and the Shows of London, 1853–1879.” Popular Exhibitions, Science and Showmanship, 1840–1914. Find a list of matching phrases on Phrases.com! “Comic Papers.” Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle etc 12 Aug. 1882: n. pag. AKA Cetshwayo kaMpande. As a consequence, groups both in favor of and opposed to Cetshwayo’s return began planned attacks in the metropolitan press, intent on demonstrating either the security of the region in a post-Cetshwayo era or the failure of the Empire to uphold its claims to justice. He did not ascend to the throne, however, as his father was still alive. Want to go back to my nation “The Triumph of Cetywayo.” Funny Folks 4 Oct. 1879: 316. He famously led the Zulu nation to victory against the British in the Battle of Isandlwana, but was defeated and exiled following that war. [Here, add your last date of access to BRANCH]. T. J. Tallie, “On Zulu King Cetshwayo kaMpande’s Visit to London, August 1882”, “On the Emergence of the Freak Show in Britain”. . [4] The gendered make-up of Cetshwayo’s entourage was almost certainly a conspicuous choice, so as to not provide further political ammunition with the apparent moral and social dilemma of Cetshwayo’s polygamous relationships being made visible. . He also equipped his impis with muskets, though evidence of their use is limited. Select from premium King Cetshwayo of the highest quality. Print. Find the perfect King Cetshwayo stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Most major London newspapers could claim anywhere between 50,000 and 200,000 readers in regular circulation by the 1870s, and other industrial centers like Manchester could boast at least a quarter million readers in regular circulation (Altick 355–56). Print. Cetshwayo kaMpande 1826 – 8 February 1884) was the king of the Zulu nation from 1872 to 1879 and their leader during the Zulu War. Indeed, images of Cetshwayo in popular metropolitan media operated within pre-established tropes of comic black savagery; the picture in Fun was published in London on 3 August 1882—the very day that the monarch arrived in London. Ed. Indeed, this was the case in Thomas Lucas’ 1879 book, The Zulus and the British Frontiers, which had described Cetshwayo specifically in the trope of admirable but safely defeated barbarian, calling him a “Kaffir Caractacus” and even a “savage Owen Glendower” (Lucas 182). Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008. William Mason had popularized the proto-Briton in his eighteenth-century poetry, and more recently, Scottish author William Stewart Ross had published a popular poem to “Caractacus the Briton” in 1881 (Ross). Pietermaritzburg: P. Davis and Sons, 1881. No quotes found. …sea) elevated Mpande’s younger son, Cetshwayo, over Mpande’s older son, Mbuyazi. However, Cetshwayo’s reinstatement was not a complete reversal of settler aims. This article focuses on the depictions of Cetshwayo in the metropolitan press during his momentous 1882 visit. The newspapers also reported on particular exchanges that Cetshwayo had with his fellow travelers upon leaving: A clergyman, holding out his hand, said very heartily, ‘Goodbye, King.’, ‘Goodbye,’ responded Cetywayo, in excellent English; then turning to one of his companions, he said, in his own language, ‘He is going home now he has come to his own people and is going to leave us.’ (“The Arrival of Cetywayo”). Facebook gives people the power … See Tallie. Ed. Lorimer, Douglas A.. “Bibles, Banjoes and Bones: Images of the Negro in the Popular Culture of Victorian England.” In Search of the Visible Past: History Lectures at Wilfrid Laurier University 1973-1974. The Saturday Review declared that Cetshwayo’s visit “would be an insignificant result of carelessness and bad judgment if it were not understood to imply a purpose for restoring him to power,” an act it described as “a question of international law, though that metaphorical branch of jurisprudence was scarcely intended to apply to a captive barbarian” (“Cetewayo’s Visit” 165). The king’s hard-fought victory was not to last. To depict Cetshwayo amid the gardens of Kensington or the imperial splendor of the royal family thus provides a substantial challenge to the narrative of British moral superiority and victory—it simultaneously reaffirms the martial skills of the Zulu warriors while undermining the implied greater power of the British in conquering them. Login to add a quote Definition of cetshwayo kampande in the Definitions.net dictionary. In addition, new periodicals such as the Illustrated London News (founded in 1842) capitalized on growing literacy rates in order to familiarize the metropolitan public with global news. Further, the author sought to subvert the ennobled male power of Cetshwayo in the press by hinting both that the king’s polygamous marriages and his warlike actions (subjects unfit for ‘proper’ Victorian women to read) would undermine the growing support for the monarch among both men and women. “The Arrival of Cetywayo.” The Leeds Mercury 4 Aug. 1882: n. pag. [3], Monarch in the Big City: Metropolitan Descriptions of Cetshwayo in London. Discover (and save!) He banished European missionaries from his land. What with Egypt and the Turk These discourses, which circulated between the metropole and the colony, in turn shaped the political landscape in both places, and led to significant changes for settlers and indigenous peoples alike. 121 A further twist to the story is that Cetshwayo got wind of the plot and tipped the nephew off, so that in the event he escaped death and secured his inheritance. The importance of the king’s 1882 visit cannot be measured in immediate political gains upon his return to Zululand, but rather in the sophisticated mobilization of discourses of race and gender that allowed an indigenous man to demonstrate that he was ‘every inch a king’ in the eyes of British public opinion and imperial estimation. Category:Cetshwayo kaMpande. At its core, the Funny Folks article satirized the larger complaints of Natal’s settler class by taking them to their furthest conclusion—the idea that the colony can tell the ‘motherland’ ultimately what it should do. These images offered another aspect of the king; clad in European clothing, he is at turns delighted, jovial, and dignified. In 1883, the British tried to restore Cetshwayo to rule at least part of his previous territory but the attempt failed. [5] Nor was this allusion-making unique to the metropolitan press; a sympathetic Natal Witness observed that upon his defeat, Cetshwayo, “although such a redoubtable enemy, he is admired by all. The battle lasted approximately 45 minutes before the British unleashed their cavalry to rout the Zulus. By aligning Cetshwayo with Caractacus, British press writers did more than make a well-known classical allusion. Lays of Romance and Chivalry. This is most apparent in the satirical periodical Fun’s depiction of the imperial dilemma resulting from Cetshwayo’s visit. Print. 53 relations. They succeeded, but Cetshwayo kept calm, considering the British to be his friends and being aware of the power of the British army. 2013. [2], The nineteenth-century periodical in Britain provides a particularly useful opportunity for understanding how everyday Britons saw the empire that surrounded them. It also changes the capital of Shaka's Zulu to Kwa-Bulawayo. Multiple papers reported that Cetshwayo considered himself “much aggrieved at the descriptions given of him in the newspapers, ‘as if he were a dog.’” Recognizing the importance of the press to both hinder his cause as well as to amplify his own position on southern African politics, Cetshwayo “declared in emphatic tones that there never ought to have been any war, and ascribes the conflict to ‘the little grey-headed man’ (Sir Bartle Frere) and the newspapers, against the majority of which he is deeply prejudiced. Cetshwayo kaMpande; Photo of Cetshwayo by Alexander Bassano in Old Bond Street, London: Born: circa 1826: Died: 8 February 1884: Other names: Cetawayo, Cetewayo, Cetywajo and Ketchwayo The king’s visit—and the simultaneous discussions of the occasion—catalyzed already ongoing conversations about the future of imperial rule, the conditions of settler government, and hierarchies of race and gender. . Porter, Bernard. T. J. Tallie is Assistant Professor of African History at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. His name has been transliterated as Cetawayo, Cetewayo, Cetywajo and Ketchwayo. The debates characterized by both Funny Folks and the Natal Legislature around the fate of Cetshwayo reveal the larger questions of imperial sovereignty, settler power and indigenous autonomy extant in late nineteenth-century Britain and Natal. Looking for phrases related to the word cetshwayo kampande? He famously led the Zulu nation to victory against the British in the Battle of Isandlwana, but was defeated and exiled following that war. What does cetshwayo kampande mean? Print. By comparing Cetshwayo to Napoleon, Robinson hoped to highlight the danger and disruption of the king’s return, and seeks to convey to the imperial government the danger posed by such a return. The Zulus and the British Frontiers. The Zulu monarch had successfully manipulated media discussion and mobilized discourses in his favor, and a newly appointed government under Gladstone was glad to acquiesce. Let them be an example to the other chiefs, that after once being sent away, they can never come back here” (Natal [Colony], Debates of the Legislative Council 1881 129). Caractacus, like the Iceni queen Boudicca, offered a frequent source of nationalist pride for British observers in the nineteenth century. “A Plea for Cetywayo.” Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle etc 12 Aug. 1882: n. pag. Print. Barry Gough. In particular, discussions of Cetshwayo’s ‘barbarous’ nature and the militant chaos of the Zulu kingdom filled press pages throughout the spring and summer of 1879. Print. —. [3] This is not a universally held view among British historians. Anderson, Catherine E. “A Zulu King in Victorian London: Race, Royalty and Imperialist Aesthetics in Late Nineteenth-Century Britain.” Visual Resources 24.3 (2008): 299–319. In the 1964 film Zulu, he was played by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, his own maternal great-grandson and the future leader of the Inkatha Freedom Party. Following the close of the war, Cetshwayo ceased to be the threatening barbarian that stood ready to despoil Natal (at least to metropolitan eyes—for the majority of settlers in Natal, Cetshwayo represented ever-present threats of colonial ruin for the rest of his life). Rather, periodical press pages returned to their previously admiring descriptions of Zulu military power after the war’s conclusion. The minstrel-king and the imperial Englishman offer a final meditation upon the Anglo-Zulu War itself in the closing lines, “We can’t always have our pleasures/For we’ve learned to our regret,/How that military measures/Nice arrangements may upset.” While papers covered both the pageantry and performance of the visit, the cartoon offered by a satirical paper illustrated the central concerns of the king’s visit—how to extricate both imperial and local entanglements caused by colonial military conflicts.
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