The cover also decreases rainfall runoff and increases water infiltration. 7.5 - 22.5kg per acre / 18.75 - 56.2 kg per ha. FARM SEED SALES & PICK UP. Woollypod vetch excretes root exudates that can reduce the … In Figure 9, prices can fluctuate dramatically, but current total production cost estimates are $60–$75/acre/year for hairy vetch, $45–$60/acre/year for seeded crimson clover, <$30/acre/year for self-reseeding crimson clover, $40–$60/acre/year for winter pea, and $300–$400/ton for an inorganic fertilizer with 30% N as a UAN solution. Latin Name: Vicia villosa Common Names: Winter Vetch, Fodder Vetch, Sand Vetch Hairy Vetch Hardiness Zones: Perennial to zones 1-7, Annual cover crop Days to Maturity: 80-90 days (longer when left to germinate over winter) Hairy Vetch Seeding Rate: 1-2 lb per 1000 sq. The oat seed is readily graded out of sample and the oat plant provides a framework for the twining, usually prostrate, vetch. Hairy vetch prefers well-drained soils with a pH of 6.0-7.0, and will do poorly in clay or wet fields. D: Wheat cover crop on Caroline fine sandy loam, 2%–6% slopes. The quantity of N available from legume cover crops will depend on growing conditions and location in North Carolina. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by NC State University or N.C. A&T State University nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Some Zone 5 Midwestern farmers with access to low-cost seed plant vetch after winter grain harvest in midsummer to produce whatever N it can until it winterkills or survives to regrow in spring. Variation in soil temperature at 2" depth with selected cover crops. In contrast to legumes, grass cover crops can immobilize soil nitrogen as they decompose. Harvesting: 1. To plant hairy vetch, plow the soil as you would for any regular crop. Figure 7. ft Seed Planting Depth: Broadcasting directly and lightly tamp into soil A&T State University. Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. With the early harvest and the open fall this year, there is enough time for a cover crop to be seeded and to have adequate growth to provide some benefits. 3. Corn is highly sensitive to moisture stress at critical stages of development. Sorghum Sudan (Sweet Six Dry Stalk BMR) - Hybrid. If carefully managed, hairy vetch may be grown with Bermudagrass. Addition of a residual herbicide to the burndown herbicide also improves cover crop kill. ... Cover Crop Seed Mixtures. In conservation tillage systems, the residue from the cover crop is not plowed under after the herbicide treatment and remains on the surface as mulch (Figure 1A). In planting, use shallow planting depths for finer-textured, clayey soils and deeper depths for coarse-textured, sandy soils. Timing is particularly important with legumes because late seeding results in small plants with limited root systems. Proper field scouting is important in determining the need for postemergence weed control measures. Growers need to consider timing when planting winter wheat in locations where the Hessian fly may be a problem. In a wet growing season, tilling legumes into the soil may produce slightly greater yields in the crop that follows. A lower seed cost for crimson clover (approximately $1/pound) results in a total cost of $45 per acre. Rye cover crop terminated by a roller-crimper prior to planting certified organic soybeans. Timely management is required to optimize cover crop and cash crop performance. Limited research indicates that these soils respond to subsoiling even with the presence of a cover crop mulch. With careful management, this system can work for full-season no-till corn if strips of crimson clover are allowed to mature, produce, and disperse seed (as discussed in the “Legume N Economics” section, below). 2012. adequate seed drying procedures are followed to Notice of Release of Hoverson Germplasm deer prevent molding and heating of this mixture. Killing the cover crop about 10 days before planting no-till sorghum or vegetables can minimize soil water depletion. Cooperative Extension. 1998. A: Wind erosion during cultivation of a Roper muck. In general, planting late (late October to November) in the piedmont and mountains will increase the risk of winter kill. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. In strip tillage systems or with banded herbicide applications, a crimson clover cover crop can be managed so that a proportion of the stand is allowed to continue growing and produce viable seed. Management to achieve sufficient cover crop biomass entails planting in September or October and killing about April 1 in the east and in mid- to late April in the piedmont and mountains. Rye is the easiest small grain cover crop to control with Gramoxone. This alleopathic reaction has been attributed to the release of phytotoxic chemicals from decomposing residue. Thus, they can reduce crop growth unless sufficient inorganic N is applied (Figure 2). Several studies comparing conventional and no-till corn in eastern North Carolina have documented the potential contribution of N by legumes. Cover crops in a conservation tillage planting system provide erosion control during the winter while the plant is growing and mulch for the soil surface during the summer in the form of crop residue. However, situations occur that make weed control very difficult under no-till management. When to Grow Crown Vetch?. This vetch has been observed to produce more biomass than many other vetches and fixation of N could even start within a week of emergence. In addition to protecting land from erosion, hairy vetch can provide spring pasture for livestock. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. All these potential benefits are highly dependent on weather and management factors that should be considered when using cover crops. Legume and small grain cover crops under drought stress are more difficult to control. Simply mow or cut plants in late spring or early summer before flowers mature. Vetches have the ability to offer substantial improvements in soil fertility, structure and organic matter as well as offering a weed and disease break for cereals in a crop rotation. The use of a starter fertilizer will ensure faster initial growth. Another example would be the use of wheat, triticale, or barley with crimson clover. The erect growth habit of crimson clover may make it slightly easier to manage than hairy vetch, which has a viny nature (Figure 6). Crimson clover grows faster in the spring, thereby maturing and obtaining peak dry matter production approximately three to four weeks ahead of hairy vetch. Handbook series book 9. Seeding rates and depths vary with legume species (Table 2). North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual. The legumes best adapted to North Carolina soil and climatic conditions are crimson clover, hairy vetch, Austrian winter pea, and Cahaba white vetch. No-Till Farm and Garden Cover Crop Mix Seeds - 1 Lbs - Blend of Gardening Cover Crop Seeds: Hairy Vetch, Daikon Radish, Forage Collards, Triticale, More Visit the Mountain Valley Seed Company Store 4.4 out of 5 stars 384 ratings Either Gramoxone Super or Roundup can be used to control existing cover crop vegetation. As previously discussed, seeding depth varies from 1⁄2 to 11⁄2 inches, depending on soil texture. Planting methods are the same as those described for legumes. Active cover crop growth in the spring, before the summer crop is planted, offers continued erosion control compared to bare ground. Cooperative Extension county center. No-till planting into a cover crop involves minimal soil disturbance—that is, opening only a narrow furrow for the seed. Ideal seeding depth: ½–1½". The ideal temperatures for early root growth range from 20° to 25° C (68° to 77° F). Generally, winter cover crops are planted in early fall and allowed to grow over the winter until early spring, when their growth is terminated by plowing or herbicide treatment. Seed crimson clover at 20 to 25 pounds per acre broadcast and 15 to 20 pounds drilled. If not given structure to climb, Woollypod vetch with grow across the ground forming a very thick and tangled thatch. Aerial overseeding into cotton at defoliation or into soybean prior to leaf drop has been successful in some cases (Figure 7). Depending on the grass and legume cover crops chosen, a reduction in seeding rate may be appropriate. Legumes can supply much of the N required for many summer crops, from row crops such as corn or grain sorghum to vegetables such as sweet corn, cabbage, squash, and pumpkins (Figure 2). Receive Email Notifications for New Publications. This vetch has been observed to produce more biomass than many other vetches and fixation of N could even start within a week of emergence. B: Water erosion on sloping land. 129. Early experiments date from the 1940s and show several important benefits of planting winter annual cover crops, chief among them erosion control, addition of nitrogen (N) to the soil for use by a subsequent crop, removal of N from the soil to prevent nutrient loading, buildup of soil organic matter, and buildup of residue that acts as a mulch for water conservation or retention. Seeds may be broadcast if the soil has been disked and partially smoothed. Figure 10. Drilling depth can be up to an inch lower, if planted early but if broadcasting is the method used than a shallow incorporation is suggested. Crop rotation and timely nematode sampling are wise management practices. Mixture Sowing Rate Advice. Technical Bulletin no. If a legume cover crop contributes 100 pounds of N/ acre, the legumes would cost the equivalent of a typical inorganic N fertilizer (30% N as UAN solution) priced at $275 to $450/ton for crimson clover and hairy vetch, respectively (Figure 9). Legumes grow only a limited amount during fall and winter, which makes them a poor choice for grazing during this period. Hairy vetch is a hardy type of vetch suited to wetter soil and colder winters than other winter-active legumes. Wind erosion can be severe in cultivated organic and sandy soils of this region (Figure 3A). AG-439-58. Woollypod vetch excretes root exudates that can reduce the growth of small grasses. Results of N response test for corn yields, Tyrrell County, 2007. Early seeding dates are easy to meet with legume cover crops following tobacco, corn silage, spring vegetables, or, in eastern North Carolina, grain corn. The plant will grow vigorously throughout the winter. Allowing the cover crop to grow until later in the spring will improve nutrient accumulation in the cover biomass, but it may reduce the ability of microbes to decompose residues for short-term use. Read our Higher seeding rates and sowing in nutrient deficient fields can aid Woollypod vetch in weed suppression. On coastal plain soils, supplemental N (25–35 pounds per acre) may be needed to obtain adequate top growth. The next spring, the cereal rye plants provide physical support for the climbing hairy vetch stems. Broadcast the seed over the soil at the rate recommended on the seed package – usually 1 to 2 pounds of seed for every 1,000 square feet of garden space. Figure 9. Ideal Sowing Time It may be cut using a mower with a swather attachment. Kamprath, E. J., W. V. Chandler, and B. Publication date: May 6, 2014 Woollypod vetch is the earliest maturing/blooming commercially available vetch. In contrast to legume cover crops, small grain covers can reduce available soil N early in the growing season. Corn yields in the piedmont are lower after small grain silage removal compared to leaving the small grain as mulch. Raleigh, NC: Agricultural Experiment Station, North Carolina State College. Small grains and other grasses help control erosion caused by wind or water (Figure 3). Latin Name: Vicia villosa Common Names: Winter Vetch, Fodder Vetch, Sand Vetch Hairy Vetch Hardiness Zones: Perennial to zones 1-7, Annual cover crop Days to Maturity: 80-90 days (longer when left to germinate over winter) Hairy Vetch Seeding Rate: 1-2 lb per 1000 sq. It grows slowly in the fall, but its roots grow throughout the winter and by spring, hairy vetch quickly grows into twelve-foot long vines. A newly developed alternative for certified organic farms that provides similar residue conservation without herbicides involves cover crop termination using a roller-crimper (Figure 1B). Figure 8. When hairy vetch, common vetch, crimson clover, and Austrian winter pea were planted in a mixture with cereal rye, spring oats, or winter wheat, the cereal rye/hairy vetch mixture had 30 to 45 percent less residual inorganic soil nitrogen than legume-only plots. Decomposition of legume residues proceeds rapidly under favorable conditions, and most of the N becomes available before the corn tassels and silks or by the time it is needed by grain sorghum or most short-season vegetable crops. This publication printed on: Jan. 18, 2021, Skip to Managing the Cover Crop and a Summer Crop, Skip to Summer Crop Establishment With No-Till Planting, NC Get ratings for species suitability based on goals, planting dates, geographic location C:N ratio, nitrogen fixation, grazing suitability, frost tolerance and more. Cover crop growth can be terminated by tillage, rolling, or herbicides. Call to Order: We are encouraging our customers to call us at 800-352-5247 to place your orders.We can then ship your seed directly to you, or you can come pick it up at Albert Lea Seed. For this reason, fertilizer N application rates should reflect both cover crop and summer crop potential constraints, with attention being given to timing and placement of fertilizer N to promote high yields (Table 6). Hairy Vetch performs best on well-drained soils and mild soil conditions. There is a weed risk associated with hairy vetch because of hard seed coats. Other management factors in a no-till system are similar to practices used with conventional tillage. In contrast, rye reduced corn yields unless sufficient nitrogen fertilizer was applied. Plowing cover crops under early in the spring will increase the decomposition rate of the cover crop, but this early termination date also limits cover crop growth, which limits nutrient accumulation and the buildup of soil organic matter from the residue. Residual weed-control methods for no-till crops planted into a cover crop are similar to those used for conventional planted crops, with the obvious exception of the use of cultivation for weed control. * Dry matter and N accumulation were significantly reduced if planting was delayed until November following harvest of a maturity group 5 soybean (P<0.05). commitment to diversity. Seedlings are especially vulnerable to damage from sandblasting during cool, dry springs, when growth rates are slow. Hairy vetch is a winter-hardy cover crop that can grow in areas that undergo a hard freeze. Hairy vetch develops best under cool temperature conditions on fertile loam soils; it is also productive on sandy or clay soils. For both hairy vetch and Cahaba white vetch, the rates are 20 to 30 pounds per acre broadcast and 15 to 20 pounds drilled. Sharing the benefits of how cover crops can improve no-till farming practices through continued research, education, product development and by offering the highest quality seed and seed mixes. An example of crimson clover and hairy vetch cover crops. This means using a spray volume of 20 to 60 gallons per acre for Gramoxone and 10 to 30 gallons of water per acre for Roundup. Use seed that has been inoculated with the appropriate rhizobium strain (hairy vetch/pea group Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae) to guarantee nitrogen fixation. Raleigh, NC: N.C. The procedures for planting without tillage into a cover crop are similar to planting into residues of a previous crop, such as soybeans or corn. Sustainable Agriculture Network. It has very high feed values for animals as green plants and dry matter as well as grain. Using a small grain cover crop for silage or hay will greatly delay corn planting and thereby increase the risks of drought, heat stress, and pests associated with late planting. N.C. All of these plants have similar heights, so deleterious shading would be at a minimum compared to using taller rye and shorter crimson clover. When allowed to overwinter, the extra growth aids in smothering out weed competition and protecting the soil. Winter annual cover crops can be either legumes or cereals. Hairy vetch is ideal ahead of early-summer planted or transplanted crops, providing N and an organic mulch. Studies have shown some tolerance to glyphosate. Indians. For pasture: A field of fall-seeded rye and vetch can be pastured from early May through June, then plowed and sown... 3. For both hairy vetch and Cahaba white vetch, the rates are 20 to 30 pounds per acre broadcast and 15 to 20 pounds drilled. Raleigh, NC: Proceedings of the 1990 Southern Region Conservation Tillage Conference. If planted to late when soils start to cool off than overall germination and results will be unfavorable. Some producers may find the late maturity of WinterKing reduces the potential for undesired seed propagation found in earlier maturing cover crop varieties. Hairy vetch can become weedy if left to produce seed. Seeding rates are 1 to 11⁄2 bushels per acre for rye, triticale, and wheat and 2 bushels per acre for oats. Winter annual legumes can be grazed or cut for hay before the summer crop is planted. Seed corn insects can be abundant in cover crops used as no-till mulch. This vigorous, fast-growing perennial grows in 2-foot tall mounds. If grown as a seed crop, hairy vetch is harvested when the lower pods are ripe to avoid shattering. by Eric Sideman, Ph.D. Winter annual cover crops have been used in rotation with summer crops for many years in North Carolina, but now there are some interesting new applications of this practice. This species is really known for its climbing ability, even more so than common vetch. However, either of these practices would remove most of the nitrogen and mulch from the system because nitrogen is concentrated in the top growth. when future price increases or supply fluctuations make N fertilizers less attractive; if farmers want to take advantage of soil physical property benefits provided by cover crop residues. Fertilizer costs vary due to market fluctuations but are generally in the range of $0.35 to $0.70/pound of N ($200 to $400/ton of 30 percent N solution). At a Wayne County site, the thin crimson clover cover stand on the left was planted late (November 19), whereas the plot on the right was planted as recommended on October 12. For Austrian winter pea, the rates are 25 to 35 pounds per acre broadcast and 20 to 25 pounds drilled. Descriptions of many potential cover crop species can be found in the US Department of Agriculture publication Managing Cover Crops Profitably. Nevertheless, few if any, large commercial farmers have adopted legume cover crops to supply N, probably because of cost (see next section) and management reasons. Being a very versatile vetch, it can grow in many types of soil conditions including even poor fertility or sandy soils. Hairy vetch is a winter annual legume and one of the most productive at nitrogen fixation. For this reason, in milder climates it is not as vigorous as other vetches but can still give high yields if allowed to fully mature in late May. Generally, a grass species is combined with one or more legume species. Although crimson clover, hairy vetch, Austrian winter pea, and common vetch are widely adapted to soil and climatic conditions in North Carolina, they do have some limitations. Harvest the seed as soon as the plants, pods and seeds are dry enough to thresh. B: Subsequent hairy vetch establishment. Hairy vetch has consistently performed well in these trials, and crimson clover is also promising on well-drained sites (Figure 2; Table 3). 2. Seeds that have a hard seed coat can lay dormant in the soil for over five years. Hairy Vetch is best grown with plants like cereal rye that enable the hairy vetch to climb up the cereal rye to allow air movement across the soil surface. Table 6. Two or more cover crop species can be combined in a single planting to realize the benefits of each. This method will work in North Carolina where the following crop is midsummer vegetable crops (pumpkins), grain sorghum, or tropical silage corn (late spring establishment). Overseeding can avoid the reduced productivity that might result if planting is delayed until after harvest of certain crops (Table 3). Common vetch, Vicia sativa, does not produce as much seed as hairy vetch, posing less of a risk of becoming weedy. Common vetches are an annual pasture/forage/grain legume, extremely palatable at all growth stages, from early green shoots, as dry matter/hay or silage through to seedpods and seeds over summer. Known as a prolific N producer, it has the potential to fix up to 250 lbs N/A if able to overwinter from a fall planting. Crimson clover productivity has been much lower on poorly drained soils, with N accumulations of less than 25 lb/acre in some recent field trials. Woollypod vetch can be easily grown if planted into a moist soil, in the early fall. Subterranean clover is a warm-weather winter cover crop, and it will typically complete … SmartMix is the best cover crop decision making tool in the industry. Cultipacking after broadcasting will encourage good soil/ seed contact. A well-established legume cover potentially can supply 50 to 150 or more pounds of N per acre, or approximately two thirds of the N required by a corn crop and most of what is needed for grain sorghum and some vegetable crops (Table 3 and Table 5). ft Seed Planting Depth: Broadcasting directly and lightly tamp into soil Cover the seeds with about ½ inch of soil, then water well. Hairy vetch tends to be more winter hardy than the others and generally can be planted later. It can also be used in feed as hay, silage or grazing due to its high crude protein content. Aerial seeding of rye into soybeans just before leaf drop has been marginally successful. Use 11⁄2 to 21⁄2 pints of Gramoxone Super per acre or 11⁄2 to 2 quarts of Roundup per acre. commitment to diversity. With hard seed potential, seed can germinate over the course of several years and this would be a concern in fields that will be planted to a commercial cereal grain crop. For certified organic farms, non-manure N sources often cost several dollars per pound of N, and legume use is usually cost-effective. There are many combinations to choose from: using winter wheat or cereal rye; planting flat or on beds; and planting the following crop no-till, strip-till, or conventional till. Due to its low C:N ratio, the plant material readily breaks down after termination. Best prices on grass seed guaranteed! seed will mature, but care must be taken to insure Smith, F.S., A.D. Falk, and W.R. Ocumpaugh. Seeding rate, depth, and method. Leaving the cover crop on the surface also reduces its decomposition rate compared to plowing. Surface residue cools the soil considerably during the spring, with late-summer differences between the cover and bare soil lessening as the corn crop begins to shade the soil. Erosion caused by wind and water are much greater on bare ground than on a surface protected by a cover crop. 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